- Power Transmission And Distribution In India Pdf
- Electrical Power Transmission And Distribution Pdf
- Basics Of Power Transmission And Distribution Pdf
Transmission and distribution concept
Introduction-.To become familiar with the function of different components used in Transmission and Distribution levels of power systems and modeling of these components.To develop expression for computation of fundamental parameters of lines.To categorize the lines into different classes and develop equivalent circuits for these classes.
The purpose of the electric transmission system is the interconnection of the electric energy producing power plants or generating stations with the loads. A three-phase AC system is used for most transmission lines.
The operating frequency is 60 Hz in the U.S. and 50 Hz in Europe, Australia, and part of Asia. The three-phase system has three phase conductors. The system voltage is defined as the rms voltage between the conductors, also called line-to-line voltage.
The voltage between the phase conductor and ground, called line-to-ground voltage, is equal to the line-to-line voltage divided by the square root of three.
The figure shows the Phoenix area 230-kV system, which interconnects the local power plants and the substations supplying different areas of the city. The circles are the substations and the squares are the generating stations.
The system contains loops that assure that each load substation is supplied by at least two lines. This assures that the outage of a single line does not cause loss of power to any customer.
For example, the Aqua Fria generating station (marked: Power plant) has three outgoing lines. Three high-voltage cables supply the Country Club Substation (marked: Substation with cables). The Pinnacle Peak Substation (marked: Substation with transmission lines) is a terminal for six transmission lines. This example shows that the substations are the node points of the electric system. The system is interconnected with the neighboring systems.
Power Transmission And Distribution In India Pdf
As an example, one line goes to Glen Canyon and the other to Cholla from the Pinnacle Peak substation.
In the middle of the system, which is in a congested urban area, high-voltage cables are used. In open areas, overhead transmission lines are used. The cost per mile of overhead transmission lines is 6 to 10% less than underground cables.
The major components of the electric system, the transmission lines, and cables are described briefly below.
Generation Stations
The generating station converts the stored energy of gas, oil, coal, nuclear fuel, or water position to electric energy. The most frequently used power plants are:
Thermal Power Plant
The fuel is pulverized coal or natural gas. Older plants may use oil. The fuel is mixed with air and burned in a boiler that generates steam. The high-pressure and high-temper- ature steam drives the turbine, which turns the generator that converts the mechanical energy to electric energy.
Nuclear Power Plant
Enriched uranium produces atomic fission that heats water and produces steam. The steam drives the turbine and generator.
Hydro Power Plants
A dam increases the water level on a river, which produces fast water flow to drive a hydro-turbine. The hydro-turbine drives a generator that produces electric energy.
Gas Turbine
Natural gas is mixed with air and burned. This generates a high-speed gas flow that drives the turbine, which turns the generator.
Combined Cycle Power Plant
This plant contains a gas turbine that generates electricity. The exhaust from the gas turbine is high-temperature gas. The gas supplies a heat exchanger to preheat the combustion air to the boiler of a thermal power plant. This process increases the efficiency of the combined cycle power plant.
The steam drives a second turbine, which drives the second generator. This two-stage operation increases the efficiency of the plant.
Electrical Power Transmission And Distribution Pdf
Table of Contents
Basics Of Power Transmission And Distribution Pdf
- 1: Transmission and Distribution: AN Introduction
- 1.3 - CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- 1.4 - LOAD FORECASTING
- 1.5 - LOAD MODELLING
- 1.6 - STAR-CONNECTED LOADS
- 1.7 - DEREGULATION
- 2: Transmission-Line Parameters
- 2.6 - CURRENT DISTORTION EFFECT
- 2.7 - INDUCTANCE
- 2.11 - INDUCTANCE OF THREE-PHASE LINES
- 2.12 - INDUCTANCE OF THREE-PHASE DOUBLE CIRCUIT LINE
- 2.17 - CAPACITANCE OF THREE-PHASE LINES
- 2.18 - CAPACITANCE OF A THREE-PHASE DOUBLE-CIRCUIT LINE
- 2.19 - EFFECT OF EARTH ON TRANSMISSION LINE CAPACITANCE
- 3: Performance of Short and Medium Transmission Lines
- 3.4 - SHORT TRANSMISSION LINE
- 3.7 - MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINE
- 4: Performance of Long Transmission Lines
- 4.3 - INTERPRETATION OF THE LONG LINE EQUATIONS
- 4.6 - EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT REPRESENTATION OF LONG LINES
- 4.12 - CHARGING CURRENT IN LINES
- 4.15 - CIRCLE DIAGRAM
- 5: Transmission Line Transients
- 5.9 - REFLECTION AND REFRACTION COEFFICIENT (LINE TERMINATED THROUGH A RESISTANCE)
- 5.12 - REACTANCE TERMINATION
- 6: Corona
- 6.7 - FACTORS AFFECTING CORONA LOSS
- 6.13 - INTERFERENCE WITH COMMUNICATION LINES
- 7: Mechanical Design of Transmission Line
- 7.3 - LINE SUPPORTS
- 7.4 - SAG
- 8: Overhead Line Insulators
- 8.3 - TYPES OF INSULATORS
- 8.4 - POTENTIAL DISTRIBUTION OVER A STRING OF SUSPENSION INSULATORS
- 8.6 - METHODS OF IMPROVING STRING EFFICIENCY
- 8.8 - TESTING OF INSULATORS
- 9: Underground Cables
- 9.3 - TYPES OF CABLES
- 9.5 - PROPERTIES OF INSULATING MATERIALS FOR CABLES
- 9.10 - GRADING OF CABLES
- 9.12 - CAPACITANCE OF A THREE-CORE CABLE
- 9.13 - HEATING OF CABLES
- 9.14 - THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS
- 9.15 - TESTING OF CABLES
- 9.16 - LAYING OF CABLES
- 10: Power Factor Improvement
- 10.2 - POWER FACTOR
- 10.4 - METHODS OF IMPROVING POWER FACTOR
- 11: Voltage Control
- 11.5 - METHODS OF VOLTAGE CONTROL
- 12: Electric Power Supply Systems
- 12.2 - COMPARISON OF CONDUCTOR EFFICIENCIES FOR VARIOUS SYSTEMS
- 12.7 - ECONOMIC SIZE OF CONDUCTOR (KELVIN'S LAW)
- 13: Substations
- 13.3 - CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATION
- 13.6 - TYPES OF BUS BAR ARRANGEMENTS
- 13.8 - OPTIMAL SUBSTATION LOCATION
- 13.12 - METHODS OF NEUTRAL GROUNDING
- 14: Distribution Systems
- 14.2 - PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION
- 14.4 - DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOSSES
- 14.5 - CLASSIFICATION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
- 14.9 - DC DISTRIBUTION
- 14.10 - RING DISTRIBUTION
- 14.12 - AC DISTRIBUTION
- 15: Ehv and Hvdc Transmission Lines
- 15.6 - COMPARISON BETWEEN AC AND DC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
- 15.8 - HVDC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
- 16: Flexible AC Transmission Systems
- 16.3 - FACTS CONTROLLERS
- 16.4 - CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEMS
- 16.5 - BASIC RELATIONSHIP FOR POWER-FLOW CONTROL
- 16.7 - VOLTAGE STABILITY